Tcpdump is a powerful yet simple network sniffer that displays traffic from your Ethernet adapter. Basic filtering can be applied to limit the traffic displayed or recorded to a file to only specific IP addresses, networks, TCP/UDP ports, or ICMP packets.

In this lab, you will be using tcpdump to sniff packets on a network.

The purpose of this activity is to provide information regarding how these programs function in order that adequate defenses can be designed and implemented. These programs should never be used in a malicious fashion against another user.

Part 1: Introduction to Tcpdump

Create a snapshot of the Kali Linux VM. Turn on the Windows and Kali Linux VMs with the host-only network adapter.
In a Terminal in the Kali Linux VM, view a list of common tcpdump commands and arguments.
```
 tcpdump --help
```
If the command is not found, this is likely from the PATH environment variable being different for the kali user versus the root user, where the former does not know where to find the package.
You can confirm this by trying to find the tcpdump executable file as the kali user then with sudo privileges.
```
 which tcpdump
 sudo which tcpdump
```
Temporarily add the directory to the PATH variable.
```
 export PATH=$PATH:/usr/sbin
```
Begin to sniff your localhost interface.
```
 sudo tcpdump -i lo
```

Open a new Terminal window. Send one ICMP echo request against the loopback interface.
```
 ping -c 1 127.0.0.1
```
Notice the changes in the terminal window where tcpdump is running. Stop the sniffing with Ctrl+C.
Tcpdump allows you to specify a port to sniff. Start the Apache HTTP server.
```
 sudo service apache2 start
```
Begin to sniff packets over port 80.
```
 sudo tcpdump -X -i eth0 port 80
```
In the Windows VM, in a browser in Incognito or InPrivate mode, browse to http://192.168.56.102 being the IP address of the Kali VM. You will be shown the Apache default webpage. In tcpdump in Kali, stop the sniffing. Notice the captured information.

Part 2: Introduction to Iptables

View the manual for the Linux firewall.
```
 man iptables
```
View the current firewall rules.
```
 sudo iptables -S
```
Start the SSH service.
```
sudo service ssh start
```
Suppose the Linux instance were a web server and this HTTP traffic should be normal but shell traffic should not. Although tcpdump is strictly a packet-capture tool, you could use some simple pattern-matching to monitor for some simple attacks.

Change the Terminal directory to the Desktop. Create a file tcpdump.sh with the following contents.

#!/bin/bash
    
SUSPECT_IP=$(sudo tcpdump -n -l -i eth0 port 22 -c 1 | awk '{ print gensub(/(.*)\..*/,"\\1","g",$3) }')
sudo iptables -A INPUT -S ${SUSPECT_IP} -j DROP
exit

Make the file executable.
```
sudo chmod +x tcpdump.sh
```
Run the script you just wrote. Tcpdump will begin to sniff traffic.
```
./tcpdump.sh
```
In the Windows VM, in Command Prompt, attempt to SSH to the Kali VM.
```
ssh kali@192.168.56.102
```
In the browser, refresh the Apache webpage. Notice what errors you encounter. Despite tcpdump’s extensive capabilities, it is perhaps most useful for examining the types of network-level attacks.
In the Kali VM, repeat step 9.
Delete the last iptables rule from step 15 except for “-A”.
```
sudo iptables -D <rule>
```
In the Windows VM, refresh the browser and retry to SSH.
Close all windows and VMs.
Please write up a paragraph answering the following questions.
1. What information is output in steps 4 and 6? Were the source IP addresses always the same?
2. In step 11, what does each part of this script do? How could the script be improved?
3. What useful information could tcpdump provide to a threat actor? How could it be used against the victim?
4. How could a network administrator use these tools to protect the network?

Tcpdump

network sniffing with tcpdump

Tcpdump

network sniffing with tcpdump

Part 1: Introduction to Tcpdump

Part 2: Introduction to Iptables

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